UKHATRI

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. Currently made up of 193 Member States, the UN and its work are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter. The UN has evolved over the years to keep peace with a rapidly changing world.

But one thing has stayed the same: it remains the one place on Earth where all the world’s nations can gather together, discuss common problems, and find shared solutions that benefit all of humanity.

The UN’s Membership has grown from the original 51 Member States in 1945 to the current 193 Member States.

All UN Member States are members of the General Assembly. States are admitted to membership by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

Nepal became a member of the United Nations in 1955 and has been an active participant in most UN peace operations since then. The participation of the Nepali Army in UN peace support operations spans over a half-century covering some 44 UN missions, in which over 1,58,174 personnel have participated.

The army’s long association with UN peace support operations began with a modest deployment of five military observers in Lebanon (United Nations Observer Group in Lebanon) in 1958—the first Nepali contingent, Purano Gorakh Battalion was deployed in Egypt in 1974.

The Nepali Army has contributed to senior appointments at UNDPKO and Force Headquarters and deployed military contingents, observers and staff officers. The army has also contributed significantly by providing niche capabilities such as engineers, medical teams and Special Forces contingents. Their devotion to duty and excellent performance have been widely acclaimed.

The Nepali Army has always accepted challenges and participated in the most complex operations. This has had a heavy toll on its personnel, and to date, 73 personnel have made the ultimate sacrifice at the altar of world peace and another 69 have been disabled.

As World War II was about to end in 1945, nations were in ruins, and the world wanted peace. Representatives of 50 countries gathered at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, California from 25 April to 26 June 1945. For the next two months, they proceeded to draft and then sign the UN Charter, which created a new international organization, the United Nations, which, it was hoped, would prevent another world war like the one they had just lived through.

Four months after the San Francisco Conference ended, the United Nations officially began, on 24 October 1945, when it came into existence after its Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories.

Now, more than 75 years later, the United Nations is still working to maintain international peace and security, give humanitarian assistance to those in need, protect human rights, and uphold international law.

At the same time, the United Nations is doing new work not envisioned for it in 1945 by its founders. The United Nations has set sustainable development goals for 2030, in order to achieve a better and more sustainable future for us all. UN Member States have also agreed to climate action to limit global warming. With many achievements now in its past, the United Nations is looking to the future, to new achievements.

The Charter of the United Nations is the founding document of the United Nations. It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945.

The United Nations can take action on a wide variety of issues due to its unique international character and the powers vested in its Charter, which is considered an international treaty. As such, the UN Charter is an instrument of international law, and UN Member States are bound by it. The UN Charter codifies the major principles of international relations, from sovereign equality of States to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations.

Since the UN's founding in 1945, the mission and work of the Organization have been guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter, which has been amended three times in 1963, 1965, and 1973.

1.  Chapter I: Purposes and Principles (Articles 1-2)
2. Chapter II: Membership (Articles 3-6)
3.  Chapter III: Organs (Articles 7-8)
4. Chapter IV: The General Assembly (Articles 9-22)
5.  Chapter V: The Security Council (Articles 23-32)
6.  Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes (Articles 33-38)
7.  Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression (Articles 39-51)
8.  Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements (Articles 52-54)
9.  Chapter IX: International Economic and Social Cooperation (Articles 55-60)
10.  Chapter X: The Economic and Social Council (Articles 61-72)
11.  Chapter XI: Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories (Articles 73-74)
12.  Chapter XII: International Trusteeship System (Articles 75-85)
13.  Chapter XIII: The Trusteeship Council (Articles 86-91)
14.  Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice (Articles 92-96)
15.  Chapter XV: The Secretariat (Articles 97-101)
16.  Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions (Articles 102-105)
17.  Chapter XVII: Transitional Security Arrangements (Articles 106-107)
18.  Chapter XVIII: Amendments (Articles 108-109)
19.  Chapter XIX: Ratification and Signature (Articles 110-111)
20.  Amendments to Articles 23, 27, 61, 109

There are three types of UN peacekeeping mission. Which are as follow:

Traditional Peace operations:Traditional peace operations are normally authorized under chapter VI of the charter. They are deployed in response to conflicts between two or more parties, usually states, where their intervention of a neutral impartial, international military presence could build confidence and allow belligerents to draw back from direct armed conformation Examples Are United Nations Interim force in Lebanon, United nations peace keeping force in Cyprus

Multidimensional Peace operations:Multidimensional Peace Operation authorized by Security Council if conflict is going on or high risk conflict start again. The Security Council may take robust peacekeeping action to settle new intrastate conflict or the conflict of emergency environment. operations may be authorized under chapters VI or VII of the charter.Examples are United Nations mission in Liberia, United Nations stabilization mission in Haiti (MINUSTHA), United Nations mission in Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS)

Governance Peace Operation: Some Multidimensional peace operations are authorized to act as an interim administration or governance authority in the country or territory of deployment unit such time as the local authority take over those function. Example is: United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, and United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia.

1. Maintain International Peace and Security
2. Develop friendly relation among nations
3. Cooperative in solving economic, social, cultural and Humanitarian problem
4. Harmonize victims of Nations for common ends

1. Sovereign equality of all its Members
2. Peaceful settlement of disputes
3. Non-use of force or threat of force
4. Every assistance for action supporting charter
5. Non-interference in domestic affairs

There are established as principal organs of the United Nations: a General Assembly, a Security Council, an Economic and Social Council, a Trusteeship Council, an International Court of Justice and a Secretariat.

The United Nations (UN) has six main bodies also known as Principle Organs. The main bodies of the United Nations are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. All were established under the UN Charter when the Organization was founded in 1945. Only ICJ HQ is located at The Hague in the Netherlands.

1. General Assembly: The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN. All 193 Member States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly, making it the only UN body with universal representation. Each year, in September, the full UN membership meets in the General Assembly Hall in New York for the annual General Assembly session, and general debate, which many heads of state attend and address. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly. Decisions on other questions are by simple majority. The General Assembly, each year, elects a GA President to serve a one-year term of office.

2. Security Council: The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the maintenance of international peace and security. It is the executive (administrative) body of the UN. It has 15 Members (5 permanents and 10 non-permanent members). The 10 non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year term. The five permanent members have veto power and its resolution can be passed only unanimously. Its presidency is held for one month in rotation by representatives of its member countries in alphabetical order. Since the permanent member States have veto power, the votes of non-permanent member States do not carry the same weight. The non-permanent members include five from Afro-Asian countries, two from Latin-American countries, two from European countries and one from East European countries. The Security Council functions almost all the 12 months of the year. Its session can be called at 24 hours’ notice. Its decision requires only nine votes out of fifteen including five those of the permanent members. Each Member has one vote. Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions. The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every month.

3. Economic and Social Council: The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed development goals. It serves as the central mechanism for activities of the UN system and its specialized agencies in the economic, social and environmental fields, supervising subsidiary and expert bodies.  It has 54 Members, elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms. It is the United Nations’ central platform for reflection, debate, and innovative thinking on sustainable development.

4. Trusteeship Council: The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 by the UN Charter, under Chapter XIII, to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories that had been placed under the administration of seven Member States, and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government and independence. By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence.  The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994. By a resolution adopted on 25 May 1994, the Council amended its rules of procedure to drop the obligation to meet annually and agreed to meet as occasion required -- by its decision or the decision of its President, or at the request of a majority of its members or the General Assembly or the Security Council.

5. International Court of Justice: The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands). It is the only one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York (United States of America). The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.

6. Secretariat: The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization's other principal organs.  The Secretary-General is chief administrative officer of the Organization, appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year, renewable term. UN staff members are recruited internationally and locally, and work in duty stations and on peacekeeping missions all around the world.  But serving the cause of peace in a violent world is a dangerous occupation. Since the founding of the United Nations, hundreds of brave men and women have given their lives in its service.

Chapter VI deals with Pacific Settlement dispute. Under this charter first try to seek solution of conflict through peaceful methods, such as negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice. If these methods of alternative dispute resolution fail, then they must refer it to the UN Security Council. It comes under article 33 to 38. UN interim force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and UN force in Cyprus comes under its Chapter.

Chapter VII deals with "action with respect to threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression". It also allows to take military and nonmilitary action to "restore international peace and security". Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter sets out the UN Security Council's powers to maintain peace. It comes under article 39 to 51. MONUSCO, MINUSTHA etc. comes under its Chapter.

Chapter VIII deals with “Regional Arrangements”. Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations provides the constitutional basis for the involvement of regional organizations in the maintenance of international peace and security for which the Security Council is primarily responsible. It authorizes regional organizations (such as the African Union) and agencies to solve dispute. However, Article 53 provides that "no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the Security Council." It comes under article 52 to 54. KOSOVO, MINUSTHA etc. comes under its Chapter.

It is the agreement between the united nation and the host country establishing the rights and privileges of the peacekeeping forces to operate. The SOMA or SOFA provides the legal basis for the presence and operation of the peacekeeping force in the host country.

A SOMA or SOFA usually provides for

• Status of military of police contingents
• Freedom of movement within areas of operation
• Easy access to certain key areas
• Communications facilities for the performance of tasks
• Use of flags, uniforms and weaponry
• Privileges and immunities of the operation and its personnel
• Applicability of local laws
• Claims and disputes

The MOU is a negotiated, formal agreement between the UN and the troop/police contributing country that establishes the responsibility and standards for the provision of personnel, major equipment and self-sustainment support services for both the UN and the contributing country. The  MOU contains details of the personnel, major equipment and self sustainment services that the contributing country will provide including the standard reimbursement rates that will apply.

1. Conflict prevention
2.  Peace making
3.  Peace enforcement
4. Peacekeeping
5. Peace building

1. Conflict prevention: Conflict prevention happens before a conflict starts, or when there is a risk of relapse into conflict. It involves diplomatic measures and other tools to prevent disagreements and tensions within and between states from turning into violent conflict. Conflict prevention measures are peaceful. They adapt to the particular source of the dispute or tension. Conflict prevention may include negotiation, dialogue, mediation, enquiries into sources of disagreement and confidence-building. One common conflict prevention measure is preventive diplomacy. It is diplomatic action taken at the earliest possible stage “to prevent disputes from arising between parties, to prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter when they occur.”
2. Peacemaking: Peacemaking involves measures to deal with existing conflicts. It usually involves diplomatic action aimed at bringing hostile parties to a negotiated peace agreement. Peace making is diplomatic action to bring hostile parties to negotiated agreements under the chapter VI of the UN charter .  It involves the use of GOOD Officer mission and other diplomatic initiative.
3. Peace enforcement : : Peace enforcement involves measures to deal with existing conflicts. Peace enforcement may involve coercive measures, such as sanctions or blockades. The Security Council may authorize use of armed force as a last resort. The use force or “coercive measures” are only taken with the authorization of the Security Council in a resolution. This authorization is usually only given when other measures have failed. The Security Council may authorize peace enforcement action without the consent of the parties to the conflict. It may consider taking this step for humanitarian purposes, to protect civilians or if the conflict represents a threat to international peace and security. Peace enforcement differs from peacekeeping because there may be no peace process in place or consent from the warring parties. Chapter VII of the UN Charter provides the legal basis for such action. The UN does not usually engage in peace enforcement itself. The Security Council may use regional organizations for peace enforcement action, under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter. Regional organizations only undertake peace enforcement when authorized by the Security Council. Regional organizations or coalitions have carried out an increasing number of peace enforcement operations. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU) are three examples. Such partnerships mean the international community responds more quickly and efficiently to violent conflict. The Security Council authorizes peace enforcement by a regional organization before or with the deployment of a UN operation.
4. Peacekeeping: Peacekeeping usually takes place where conflict has ended. Peacekeeping is an approach designed to preserve the peace and to help implement peace agreements. To deploy peacekeeping operations:  
   - The main parties to a conflict must have committed to a ceasefire agreement or peace process.
   -They also must agree or “consent” to work with the UN to lay foundations for sustainable peace.
   Peacekeeping has evolved from a traditional to a multidimensional approach. The traditional model is mainly military. It involves observing cease-fires and the separation of forces after wars between countries (inter-state conflict). The multidimensional model has a mix of military, civilian and police capabilities. It supports the implementation of a Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities UN DPKO/DFS CPTM Version 2017 14 comprehensive peace agreement after conflict has taken place within a country (intra-state conflict). 
   More recently, peacekeeping missions have been deployed in conflicts where a peace agreement is not in place. In these cases, peacekeeping missions work to bring a degree of stability to a country, while supporting a process that will lead to a peace agreement and/or peace process.
5. Peacebuilding: Peacebuilding occurs in the aftermath of conflict. Peacebuilding is a complex, long-term process of creating the necessary conditions for lasting peace by working on the root causes of violent conflict. Peacebuilding involves measures that reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict. Peacebuilding addresses core issues that affect how a society and state function. It aims to improve the state’s ability to govern effectively, by strengthening at all levels the national capacity to manage conflict and build a foundation for sustainable peace and development.
   

1. Office of the SRSG
2.  Military Component
3.  Police Component
4.  Administrative Support
5.  Political Affairs
6.  Humanitarian Assistance
7.  Human Rights
8.  Public Information

Additional Components are:

1.  Civil Affairs
2.  Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR)
3.  Rule of Law

When Peacekeepers are deployed for peace keeping, they must get knowledge and they have based themselves on the fundamental principle of peace keeping missing which are as follows:-

1. Consent of the parties: UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a commitment by the parties to a political process. Their acceptance of a peacekeeping operation provides the UN with the necessary freedom of action, both political and physical, to carry out its mandated tasks.
2. Impartiality:- Impartiality is crucial to maintaining the consent and cooperation of the main parties, but should not be confused with neutrality or inactivity. United Nations peacekeepers should be impartial in their dealings with the parties to the conflict, but not neutral in the execution of their mandate.
3. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate: UN peacekeeping operations are not an enforcement tool. However, they may use force at the tactical level, with the authorization of the Security Council, if acting in self-defence and defence of the mandate.
   

The peacekeeper mission fulfils its purpose through individual and group study, training and practice to develop four fundamental qualities of mind.

1. Mindfulness: The ability to see things as they are to be fully present in the moment and to manifest right thought right action.
2. Peacekeeper consciousness: Recognition of one responsibility and power ot manifest peace through right relationship with all the family of life.
3. Caretaker mind: Awareness of one's privilege and duty to serve as a caretaker of this planet honoring the earth as a living being and sowing seeds of abundance and harmony unto seven.
4.  Continuity of mind: Understanding of cause and effect in determining the quality of one's life, death and future liver and in shaping the karma of group nations and the planet.

1. Peace making is diplomatic action to bring hostile parties to negotiated agreements under the chapter VI of the UN charter .
2. It involves the use of GOOD Officer mission and other diplomatic initiative

Peace enforcement refers to the use of military assets to enforce a peace against the will of the parties to a conflict when, for instance, a ceasefire has failed. Peace enforcement often exceeds the capacity of peacekeeping forces and is thus better executed by more heavily armed forces.

According to UN Rules, misconduct is defined as failure by a staff member to comply with his or her obligations under the Charter of the United Nations, the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules or other relevant administrative issuances or to observe the standards of conduct expected of an international civil servant. Misconduct may lead to the institution of a disciplinary process and the imposition of disciplinary measures. Similar provisions apply to all other categories of UN peacekeeping personnel

It has both positive and negative impacts which are as follows:

Positive Impacts:

1. Positive change in society.
2.  Opportunity for newer possibilities
3. Renewal in relationship

Negative Impacts:

1.  Increase stress in people
2.  Decrease production
3. Restricted areas increase
4. Increase the possibilities of violent conflict

Harassment is a form of discrimination. It includes any unwanted physical or verbal behavior that offends or humiliates you. 

Harassment occurs when someone

1. makes unwelcome remarks or jokes about your race, religion, sex, age, disability or any other of the grounds of discrimination;
2. threatens or intimidates you because of your race, religion, sex, age, disability or any other of the grounds of discrimination;
3. makes unwelcome physical contact with you, such as touching, patting, or pinching.
   

Sexual harassment is a type of harassment technique that relates to a sexual nature and the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. It is unwelcome sexual advance, request for sexual favor, verbal or physical conduct or gesture of sexual nature or any other behavior that humiliated next person is consider as sexual harassment. The following behaviors may be considered as sexual harassment:

1. Sexual pranks, or repeated sexual teasing, jokes, or hint, in person or via e-mail;
2. Verbal abuse of a sexual nature;
3. Touching or grabbing of a sexual nature;
4. Off-duty, unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature that affects the work environment.
   

The rules of engagement (ROE) for a peace operation are operational tools that guide peacekeepers on the use of force. The ROE clarify for commanders both the limitation and the degree of latitude in decision-making that they operate under. ROE notwithstanding, all personnel may exercise their right of self- defense at any time – the ROE do not contradict a commander's right and obligation to take all necessary and appropriate action for self-defenses.

Other principles that are reflected in the ROE include

1. Minimum use of force
2. Use of force proportional to the threat
3. Minimum collateral damage
4. Use of force in proportion with purposes of the United Nations Charter and the mission's mandate.

The 5 basic areas of a set of ROE are

1. Use of force
2. Use of weapons systems
3. Authority to carry weapon
4. Authority to search, detain, and disarm
5. Reactions to civil action or unrest.
   

The Contingent Owned Equipment (COE) system was adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 1996 to simplify the means by which countries are reimbursed for providing equipment, personnel and self-sustainment support services to formed military or police contingents in peacekeeping missions. The rates of reimbursement are reviewed every three years by a COE Working Group of the General Assembly.

DDR stands for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. The objective of the DDR process is to contribute to security and stability in post-conflict environments so that recovery and development can begin. It aims to deal with the post-conflict security problem that arises when ex-combatants are left without livelihoods or support networks, other than their former comrades, during the vital transition period from conflict to peace and development.

Disarmament

Disarmament is the collection, documentation, control and disposal of small arms, ammunition, explosives and light and heavy weapons of combatants and often also of the civilian population. Disarmament also includes the development of responsible arms management programmers.

Demobilization

Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups. The first stage of demobilization may extend from the processing of individual combatants in temporary centers to the massing of troops in camps designated for this purpose.

Reintegration
Reintegration is the process by which ex-combatants acquire civilian status and gain sustainable employment and income.

1. Highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity 
2. Zero-tolerance policy on sexual exploitation and abuse 
3. Accountability of those in command who fail to enforce the Standards of Conduct
   

Nepal became a member of the United Nations in 1955 and since then, has been an active participant in most UN peace operations. The participation of the Nepali Army in UN peace support operations spans a period of over a half-century covering some 44 UN missions, in which over 1,49,890 personnel have participated. The army’s long association with UN peace support operations began with a modest deployment of five military observers in Lebanon (United Nations Observer Group in Lebanon) in 1958. The first Nepali contingent, Purano Gorakh Battalion was deployed in Egypt in 1974. The Nepali Army has contributed to senior appointments at UNDPKO and Force Headquarters and has also deployed military contingents, military observers and staff officers. The army has also contributed significantly through the provision of niche capabilities such as engineers, medical teams and Special Forces contingents. Their devotion to duty and excellent performance have been widely acclaimed. The Nepali Army has always accepted challenges and participated in the most difficult operations. This has had a heavy toll on its personnel, and to date, 73 personnel have made the ultimate sacrifice at the alter of world peace and another 68 have been disabled.

As of 7th February 2024, the Nepali Army has deployed across 12 missions around the world. As a troop-contributing country, Nepal ranks second in the world. Currently, Nepali Army has some 5885 soldiers including 632 female soldiers serving in 12 different missions around the globe. Nepal has the commitment to provide up to 10,000 peacekeepers should the UN so request.

Policy and practice for women’s participation in the Nepali Army is based on the national policy of gender equality and women empowerment. The Nepali Army has recruited women since 1961.

Women’s participation in civil services and other security forces has followed an increasing trend since 1990. The Nepali Army started enrolling women from 1961 in technical service and from 2004 in general service. After the socio-political changes in 1990, the awareness and practice of gender equality increased throughout the country.

Even though the concept of women soldiers is not new in the Nepali Army, it has never before reached the proportions of today. Women’s participation in technical service in the Nepali Army also expanded continually as follows: Nurses (1961), Para folders (1965), Medical doctors (1969), Legal (1998), Engineering (2004) and Aviation (2011).

In 2004 when the country was fighting against insurgency, the Nepali Army opened its door to women soldiers in general service, which comprised of combat related duties. First women cadres in other rank were recruited from 2004 and then women officer cadets were enrolled in 2005. Since 2004, a number of other services have opened up for women soldiers. They are Military Police, Signalers, Office staffs, Army Band, Military Drivers, Military Clerks, Aircraft Technicians and in Combat, Combat Support and Combat Service Support Arms.

The policy for the management of women in uniform in the Nepali Army has continuously evolved through time. In 2010, to address the issues regarding woman officers' career and welfare through one door policy, women division was established under the Military Secretary Branch headed by deputy level officer of MS.

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war

A formal text adopted by the United Nations body. Although any UN body can issue resolutions, in practice most resolutions are issued by the Security Council or the General Assembly.

For UN peacekeeping operations or special political missions with any unarmed personnel, the UN establish a SOMA which also applied to all mission personnel. The agreement define the legal status and agreements for the UN's  use of facilities, transportations and freedom of movement in the country and set of a mechanism by which disagreements between the UN and the host country can be resolved.

• Besides its primary function of the safeguarding of sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality and independence of the country,
•  it supports the Government of Nepal through its participation in various infrastructure development, nature conservation, disaster management and welfare works.

1. Armed conflict are changing
2. Peacekeepers have become targets
3. Political solutions are increasingly elusive
4. Performance issues
5. freedom of movement
6. Mandates have grown broad and complex
7. Need for stronger commitment

1. MONUSCO: United Nation Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2. MINUSMA: United Nation Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali
3. MINUSCA: United Nation Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic
4. MINURSO: United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
5. UNMISS: United Nation Mission in South Sudan
6. UNISFA:  United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei
7. UNIFIL: United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
8. UNSMIL: United Nations Support Mission in Libya
9. UNDOF: United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
10. UNAMI: United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq
11. UNTSO: United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
12. UNMHA: United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement

Core value of UN

• Respect of diversity
• Integrity
• Professionalism

• Proportionality
  
• Legality
• Accountability
• Necessity
• Last resort
  
• Graduated

• protect civilians and UN personnel's
• Monitor dispute boarder
• Monitor and observes peace process in post-conflict areas.
• Provide security across a conflict zone
• Provide security during election
• Assist in country military personnel with training and support
• Assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements, they may have signed.

• Disciplinary actions
• repatriation / bearing for the future services
• summary dismissal
• legal proceeding against crime
• financial liability

Bhaktapur District located in the eastern part of Kathmandu valley, is the smallest among Nepal's 77 districts. It is part of Bagmati Province. The district, with Bhaktapur as its district headquarters, covers an area of 119 km2.The city has a population of 4,30,408, according to the 2021 Nepal census records. According to the 2011 census, about 46.5 % of the population of Bhaktapur speaks the Nepalese Language. Similarly, 41.6% of people use Newa Bhasa to communicate. 

Yet, it holds the four most beautiful places in the Kathmandu Valley as its municipalities. The municipalities of Bhaktapur are as follows:

• Bhaktapur Municipality
• Changu Narayan Municipality
• Suryabinayak Municipality
• Madhyapur thimi Municipality

Likewise, its altitude varies from 1372 to 2191m. And, the temperature, from 2 to 32-degree celsius. The highest point of Bhaktapur is a paradise-like place, Nagarkot.

Bhaktapur, on the other hand, is a good marketplace for veggies. The place is more popular for the production of veggies like pumpkin, cucumber, beans, peas, and cauliflower. It also grows the grains and fruits like paddy, wheat, corn, pulse, millet, citrus, guava, pears, junar, and haluwabed.

Top places to visit

• Changu Narayan temple
• Nagarkot
• Jyoyirlingeshwor Mahadev
• Mahadev Pokhari
• Mahamanjushree Sthan
• Jalpa Devi
• Faidhoka Ganesh
• Tripura Sundari Sthan

Changu Narayan municipality

• Named after the ancient temple of Nepal Changu Narayan.
• Total area: 62.98 square kilometers
• Total population: 88,612 (2021 census)
• Altitude: 1372 to 2191m
• Home of one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Nepal, Changu Narayan temple.
• It Covers Duwakot, Jhaukhel, Chhaling, Nagarkot, and Changu Narayan itself.
• The latest municipality is the combined form of Mahamanjushree Nagarkot and the old Changu Narayan Municipality.

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.

Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures.

The main greenhouse gases that are causing climate change include carbon dioxide and methane. These come from using gasoline for driving a car or coal for heating a building, for example. Clearing land and cutting down forests can also release carbon dioxide. Agriculture, oil and gas operations are major sources of methane emissions. Energy, industry, transport, buildings, agriculture and land use are among the main sectors causing greenhouse gases.

Climate scientists have showed that humans are responsible for virtually all global heating over the last 200 years. Human activities like the ones mentioned above are causing greenhouse gases that are warming the world faster than at any time in at least the last two thousand years.

The average temperature of the Earth’s surface is now about 1.1°C warmer than it was in the late 1800s (before the industrial revolution) and warmer than at any time in the last 100,000 years. The last decade (2011-2020) was the warmest on record, and each of the last four decades has been warmer than any previous decade since 1850.

Many people think climate change mainly means warmer temperatures. But temperature rise is only the beginning of the story. Because the Earth is a system, where everything is connected, changes in one area can influence changes in all others.

The consequences of climate change now include, among others, intense droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and declining biodiversity.

Climate change can affect our health, ability to grow food, housing, safety and work. Some of us are already more vulnerable to climate impacts, such as people living in small island nations and other developing countries. 

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more.  Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.

Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to every person, regardless of their nationality, race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or any other status. They are based on principles of dignity, equality, and mutual respect, and they are protected by law. Human rights encompass a wide range of rights, including civil and political rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and a fair trial, as well as economic, social, and cultural rights, such as the right to education, health, and work.

The concept of human rights has evolved over time, with key milestones including the Magna Carta in 1215, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, and subsequent international treaties and conventions that have further elaborated and expanded upon human rights principles.

Human rights are considered universal, meaning they apply to everyone, everywhere, regardless of their circumstances. They are also considered inalienable, meaning they cannot be taken away or surrendered under any circumstances.

Efforts to promote and protect human rights are carried out by governments, international organizations, civil society groups, and individuals around the world. These efforts include advocacy, education, legal reforms, and international cooperation to address human rights violations and ensure that all people can enjoy their rights and live with dignity.

Women are deployed in all areas – police, military and civilian – and have made a positive impact on peacekeeping environments, including in supporting the role of women in building peace and protecting women's rights.

In all fields of peacekeeping, women peacekeepers have proven that they can perform the same roles, to the same standards and under the same difficult conditions, as their male counterparts. It is an operational imperative that we recruit and retain female peacekeepers.

In 1993, women made up 1% of deployed uniformed personnel. In 2020, out of approximately 95,000 peacekeepers, women constitute 4.8% of military contingents and 10.9% of formed police units and 34% of justice and corrections government-provided personnel in UN Peacekeeping missions. While the UN encourages and advocates for the deployment of women to uniformed functions, the responsibility for deployment of women in the police and military lies with Member States. UN Police Division launched 'the Global Effort' to recruit more female police officers into national police services and into UN police operations around the world. The 2028 target for women serving in military contingents is 15%, and 25% for military observers and staff officers. 

Why is it important to have women peacekeepers?

More women in peacekeeping means more effective peacekeeping. Women peacekeepers improve overall peacekeeping performance, have greater access to communities, help in promoting human rights and the protection of civilians, and encourage women to become a meaningful part of peace and political processes.

1. Improved operations and performance: Greater diversity and a broadened skillset means improved decision‐making, planning and results, leading to greater operational effectiveness and performance. 
2. Better access: Women peacekeepers can better access the population, including women and children - for example, by interviewing and supporting survivors of gender-based violence and violence against children - thereby generating critical information that would otherwise be difficult to reach.
3. Reflecting the communities we serve: Diversity in United Nations peacekeepers allows engagement with all members of the communities we are there to protect.
4. Building trust and confidence: Women peacekeepers are essential enablers to build trust and confidence with local communities and help improving access and support for local women, for example, by interacting with women in societies where women are prohibited from speaking to men.
5. Help prevent and reduce conflict and confrontation: Diversity in peacekeeping helps to address the disproportionately negative effect that conflict has on the livelihood of women and bring new perspectives and solutions to the table by effectively addressing the needs of women in conflict and post-conflict settings, including those of women ex-combatants and child soldiers during the process of demobilizing and reintegration into civilian life.
6. Inspiring and creating role models: Women peacekeepers serve as powerful mentors and role models for women and girls in post-conflict settings in the host community, setting examples for them to advocate for their own rights and pursue non‐traditional careers.

Increasing women’s participation means more effective peacekeeping and peacebuilding. Women peacekeepers are enablers to build trust and confidence with local communities, thus help prevent and reduce conflict and confrontation. More importantly, they inspire, encourage, create role models for women and girls to become a meaningful part of peace and political processes.

The Security Council adopted resolution (S/RES/1325) on women and peace and security on 31 October 2000. The resolution reaffirms the important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, peace negotiations, peace-building, peacekeeping, humanitarian response and in post-conflict reconstruction and stresses the importance of their equal participation and full involvement in all efforts for the maintenance and promotion of peace and security.

Ever since I was a child, I have been fascinated by the brave story of the Army, specially their discipline, intensity to serving the nation. And I feel, I too have the desire to serve the nation, & I believe being in the Army is the right way to live with my dream.in